Kannan, R., Strachan, N., Pye, S., Anandarajah, G., Balta-Ozkan, N., 2007. UK MARKAL Model Documentation. Available from: www.ukerc.ac.uk[1]
Created from a literature review and allied expert workshops. Last update in January 2010, although some of the figures are probably much older than this.
| Technologies | Fuels | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Valid in year | Capital cost | Operating cost excluding fuel | Size | Output | Efficiency | Life | Fuel cost | Fuel limit | ||
| Nuclear Power AGR/PWR/Magnox | 2000 | £(2000)1913-2778/kWpeak | £(2000)35/kWpeak | 1 GW | 82% | 32% | 35-45 years | |||
| Nuclear Power E-PWR/AP1000 | 2020 | £(2000)1050/kWpeak | £(2000)50/kWpeak | 1600 MW | 83% | 35% | 50 | |||
| Nuclear Power Pebble Bed | 2030 | £(2000)1786.5/kWpeak | £(2000)0.39/GJ | 1 GWpeak | 83% | 35% | 50 | |||
| Nuclear Power GT-MHR | 2030 | £(2000)1786.5/kWpeak | £(2000)17.55/kWpeak | 1 GW | 83% | 48% | 50 | |||
| Nuclear Power EPWR | 2010-2020 | £(2000)1050-1482/kWpeak | £(2000)0.066/PJpeak | 85% | 31.5% | 40 years | ||||
| Nuclear Power AP1000 | 2007 | £(2000)1625-1050/kWpeak | 85% | 35% | 50 years | |||||
| Conventional Coal Electricity Generation Coal plant (Large, with FGD) | 2000 | £(2000) 765/kWpeak | £(2000) 14/kWpeak plus £(2000) 0.19/GJ | 54% | 32% | 20 | ||||
| Conventional Coal Electricity Generation Coal plant (Small, without FGD) | 2000 | £(2000) 765/kWpeak | £(2000) 21/kWpeak plus £(2000) 0.2/GJaverage | 83% | 34% | 30 years | ||||
| Conventional Coal Electricity Generation IGCC | 2010-2030 | £(2000) 835 - 891/kWpeak | £(2000) 19/kWpeak plus £(2000) 0.33/GJ | 90% | 42-45% | 35 | ||||
| Conventional Coal Electricity Generation PF | 2010-2030 | £(2000) 791 - 870/kWpeak | £(2000) 17/kWpeak plus £(2000) 0.31/GJ | 90% | 43-52% | 50 | ||||
| Conventional Coal Electricity Generation Co-Firing | 2010-2030 | £(2000) 847 - 870/kWpeak | £(2000) 19/kWpeak plus £(2000) 0.31/GJ | 83% | 43 - 46% | 50 | ||||
| Conventional Gas Electricity Generation CT/Gas engine | 2000 | 333 - 389 £(2000)/kWpeak | 0.43 £(2000)/kWpeak plus 1.54 £(2000)/GJ | 57% | 23 - 29% | 20 | ||||
| Conventional Gas Electricity Generation CCGT | 2000 | 400 £(2000)/kWpeak | 7 £(2000)/kWpeak plus 0.56 £(2000)/GJ | 83% | 49% | 30 | ||||
| Conventional Gas Electricity Generation New CCGT | 2010 - 2030 | 357 - 400 £(2000)/kWpeak | 6.25 - 7 £(2000)/kWpeak plus 0.56 £(2000)/GJ | 83% | 55 - 61% | 35 | ||||
| Gas CCS Electricity Generation | 2010 - 2040 | 463 - 690 £(2000)/kWpeak | 12.08 £(2000)/kWpeak plus 0.47 £(2000)/GJ | 83% | 47 - 60% | 35 | ||||
| Coal CCS New IGCC with CCS | 2010-2030 | £(2000)944 - 1210/KW | £(2000)26/KW plus £(2000)0.72/GJpeak | 90% | 37-40% | 35 years | ||||
| Coal CCS New co-firing coal plant with CCS (similar to new PF) | 2015-2020 | £(2000)1235 - 1363/KW | £(2000)29/KW plus £(2000)0.75/GJpeak | 83% | 34-41% | 50 years | ||||
| Imported Uranium Imported uranium step 1 | 2010-2050 | £(2000)0.0238/GJ | 56,000PJ | |||||||
| Imported Uranium Imported uranium step 2 | 2010-2050 | £(2000)0.0476/GJ | 70,000PJ | |||||||
| Imported Uranium Imported uranium step 3 | 2010-2050 | £(2000)0.0873/GJ | 147,000PJ | |||||||
| Imported Uranium Imported uranium step 4 | 2010-2050 | £(2000)0.111/GJ | 476,000PJ | |||||||
| Imported Uranium Imported uranium step 5 | 2010-2050 | £(2000)0.222/GJ | ||||||||
| Uranium Enrichment & Disposal 4.5%-19% uranium enrichment and fuel fabrication only | 2000-2050 | £(2000)0.486m/TWh | ||||||||
| Uranium Enrichment & Disposal 9% uranium enrichment and fuel fabrication | 2000-2050 | £(2000)1.37m/TWh | ||||||||
| Uranium Enrichment & Disposal 4.5-19% uranium enrichment, fuel fabrication and disposal | 2000-2050 | £(2000)1.37m/TWh | ||||||||
| Uranium Enrichment & Disposal Production of hydrogen isotopes for fusion reactor | 2000-2050 | £(2000)24.04m/TWh | ||||||||
| Oil Electricity Generation plants Oil-fired steam turbine Existing | 2000 | £(2000)500/KW | £(2000)16/KWpeak plus £(2000)0.07/GJ | 41% | 34% | 30 years | ||||
| Oil Electricity Generation plants Oil IGCC 2000 | 2000 | £(2000)560-920/KW | £(2000)40/KWpeak | 83% | 41-53% | 25 years | ||||
| Solid Biomass Electricity Generation Energy crop gasification | 2000 | £(2000)1,575/KW | £(2000)66/KWpeak plus £(2000)0.13/GJ | 83% | 44% | 35 years | ||||
| Solid Biomass Electricity Generation Energy crop gasification - 2010 onward | 2010 - 2040 | £(2000)1674 - 2094/KW | £(2000)50 - 62/KWpeak plus £(2000)0.13/GJ | 83% | 47 - 50% | 20 years | ||||
| Onshore Wind Onshore - Wind speed of 5-9m/s | 2005 | £(2000) 675/kw | £(2000)27/kw | 28% | 13-61% | 25 years | ||||
| Offshore Wind Wind offshore | 2005 | £(2000)1196-1751/KW | £(2000)35/kwpeak | 22-50% | 25 years | |||||
| Hydroelectricity >20MW | 2000 | £(2000)800/KW | £(2000)80/kwpeak | 37% | 40 years | |||||
| Hydroelectricity <1.25MW | 2000 | £(2000)1450/KW | £(2000)145/kwpeak | 37% | 40 years | |||||
| Microwind Microgeneration | 2005 | £(2000)1350/KW | £(2000)27/kwpeak | 10-20% | 25 years | |||||
| Wave Wave energy T1 | 2000 | £(2000)2634.5/KW | £(2000)207/KWpeak | 23-49% | 30 years | |||||
| Wave Wave energy T1 | 2050 | £(2000)1069.74/KW | £(2000)167/KWpeak | 23-49% | 30 years | |||||
| Wave Wave energy T2 | 2050 | £(2000)1647.96/KW | £(2000)240.5/KWpeak | 23-49% | 30 years | |||||
| Wave Wave energy T2 | 2000 | £(2000)4058.5/KW | £(2000)280.5/KWpeak | 23-49% | 30 years | |||||
| Tidal Stream | 2000 | £(2000)1948/KW | £(2000)43/KW | 33% | ||||||
| Tidal Stream | 2050 | £(2000)790.55/KW | £(2000)23/KW | 33% | ||||||
| Tidal Range Severn Tidal Barrage | 2000-2050 | £(2000)1500/KW | £(2000)43-23/KW | 23% | ||||||
| Solar PV Solar Power Generation | 2000-2050 | £(2000)5750-6325/kw | £(2010)0/KW | 25-5% | 30 years | |||||
| Biomass 2nd generation biocrops Energy Crops Step 1 | 2000-2050 | £(2000)3.61/GJ | 41.31 GJ | |||||||
| Biomass 2nd generation biocrops Energy Crops Step 2 | 2000-2050 | £(2000)5.97/GJ | 71.91 GJ | |||||||
| Biomass 2nd generation biocrops Energy Crops Step 3 | 2000-2050 | £(2000)4.31/GJ | 226.06 GJ | |||||||
| Biomass solid fuel imports | 2010-2050 | £(2000)9.18/GJ | 1314PJ | |||||||
| Biomass liquid fuel imports Imported 1st Gen bio-diesel | 2010-2050 | £(2000)11.95/GJ | 28.4-142PJ | |||||||
| Biomass liquid fuel imports Imported 2nd Gen (FT) bio-diesel from licnocellulosic | 2020-2050 | £(2000)15.83/GJ | 56.8-142PJ | |||||||
| Biomass liquid fuel imports Imported (FT) biokerosene | 2020-2050 | £(2000)18.69/GJ | 56.8-142PJ | |||||||
| Biomass liquid fuel imports Imported ethanol – corn | 2010-2050 | £(2000)20.93/GJ | 3.4-34PJ | |||||||
| Biomass liquid fuel imports Imported ethanol – sugar cane | 2000-2050 | £(2000)8.282/GJ | 0-66PJ | |||||||
| Biomass liquid fuel imports Imported methanol | 2000-2050 | £(2000)11.39/GJ | 14.2-127.8PJ | |||||||
| Biomass straw collection Straw step 1 | 2000-2050 | £(2000)1.102/GJ | 14.565PJ | |||||||
| Biomass straw collection Straw step 2 | 2000-2050 | £(2000)2.136/GJ | 15.51PJ | |||||||
| Biomass straw collection Straw step 3 | 2000-2050 | £(2000)4.34/GJ | 33.27PJ | |||||||
| Biomass 1st generation biocrops Wheat step 1 | 2000-2050 | £(2000)6.94/GJ | 189PJ | |||||||
| Biomass 1st generation biocrops Rape seed oil | 2000-2050 | £(2000)4.33/GJ | 18.9PJ | |||||||
| Biomass 1st generation biocrops Wheat step 2 | 2000-2050 | £(2000)8.81/GJ | 174PJ | |||||||
| Biomass 1st generation biocrops Wheat step 3 | 2000-2050 | £(2000)13.8/GJ | 75PJ | |||||||
| Biomass manure collection Poultry litter step 1 | 2000-2050 | £(2000)0.122/GJ | 0.8PJ | |||||||
| Biomass manure collection Animal Slurry step 2 | 2000-2050 | £(2000)1.081/GJ | 19.4PJ | |||||||
| Biomass manure collection Animal Slurry step 3 | 2000-2050 | £(2000)3.377/GJ | 21.64PJ | |||||||
| Biomass manure collection Poultry litter step 2 | 2000-2050 | £(2000)0.245/GJ | 7.155PJ | |||||||
| Biomass manure collection Poultry litter step 3 | 2000-2050 | £(2000)0.429/GJ | 7.95PJ | |||||||
| Biomass manure collection Animal Slurry step 1 | 2000-2050 | £(2000)0.675/GJ | 14.93PJ | |||||||
| Pumped storage - Hydro Hydro - Pumped Storage | 2000-2050 | £(2000)1,614.8/KW | £(2000)1.3/kw plus £(2000)0.67/GJ | 95% | 50 years | |||||
| Interconnection dummy technology for electricity import | 2000-2050 | £m(2000)150/GW | £m(2000)0.3/GW | 50% | ||||||
| Carbon Storage Near shore Gas | 2000-2050 | £m(2000)26/MTCO2 | £m(2000)0.6/MTCO2 plus £m(2000)0.22/MtcO2 | |||||||
| Carbon Storage Offshore Oil and Gas | 2000-2050 | £m(2000)34/MTCO2 | £m(2000)0.6/MTCO2 plus £m(2000)0.22/MtcO2 | |||||||
| Carbon Storage Offshore Aquifier | 2000-2050 | £m(2000)44/MTCO2 | £m(2000)1.1/MTCO2 plus £m(2000)0.22/MtcO2 | |||||||
| Cooking Electric hob and oven | 2000-2050 | £(2000)922/500KWh | £(2000)0/kw | 14 years | ||||||
| Cooking Gas hob and oven | 2000-2050 | £(2000)984/700KWh | £(2000)0/kw | 14 years | ||||||
| Commercial Heat Demand Most EE Double Glazing | 2000-2050 | £(2000)119.8/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 26.37PJ | ||||||
| Commercial Heat Demand Most EE Cavity Wall insulation | 2000-2050 | £(2000)53.5/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 7.72PJ | ||||||
| Commercial Heat Demand Most EE External Wall insulation | 2000-2050 | £(2000)178.8/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 11.01PJ | ||||||
| Commercial Heat Demand Most EE Pitched Roof Insulation | 2000-2050 | £(2000)18.4/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 18.4PJ | ||||||
| Commercial Heat Demand TRVs Fully installed | 2000-2050 | £(2000)1.4/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 25.56PJ | ||||||
| Commercial Heat Demand Programmable Thermostats | 2000-2050 | £(2000)642.5/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 72.4PJ | ||||||
| Commercial Heat Demand Optimising Heating Start timers | 2000-2050 | £(2000)642.5/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 24.77PJ | ||||||
| Commercial lighting and appliances Mistake | ||||||||||
| Commercial lighting and appliances Stairwell timers for lighting | 2000-2050 | £(2000)0.075/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 5.02PJ | ||||||
| Commercial lighting and appliances Most EE Fridges | 2000-2050 | £(2000)9.1/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 2.48PJ | ||||||
| Commercial lighting and appliances Most EE Fridge-Freezers | 2000-2050 | £(2000)22.9/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 0.17PJ | ||||||
| Commercial lighting and appliances Most EE Freezers | 2000-2050 | £(2000)6.1/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 2.55PJ | ||||||
| Commercial lighting and appliances Sunrise-Sunset timers | 2000-2050 | £(2000)270.5/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 2.57PJ | ||||||
| Commercial lighting and appliances Metal Halide Floodlights | 2000-2050 | £(2000)54.9/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 1.39PJ | ||||||
| Commercial lighting and appliances IRC Tungsten-Halogen Spots | 2000-2050 | £(2000)8.9/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 3.45PJ | ||||||
| Commercial lighting and appliances HF Ballast | 2000-2050 | £(2000)97.4/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 21.26PJ | ||||||
| Commercial lighting and appliances ECG CFLs Replace Tungsten Lamps | 2000-2050 | £(2000)48/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 13.42PJ | ||||||
| Commercial lighting and appliances Base Lighting Timers | 2000-2050 | £(2000)101.3/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 24.26PJ | ||||||
| Commercial lighting and appliances 16mm Fluorescent tubes replace 26mm | 2000-2050 | £(2000) 48.36/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 5.87PJ | ||||||
| Commercial lighting and appliances Light Detectors | 2000-2050 | £(2000) 1269/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 5.02PJ | ||||||
| Commercial lighting and appliances Presence Detectors for Lighting | 2000-2050 | £(2000) 0.07/GJ | £(2000)0/KW | 8.12PJ | ||||||
| Hydro pumped storage Hydro - Pumped Storage | 2000-2050 | £(2000) 1,614.8/KW | £(2000)1.3/KWpeak plus £(2000)0.67/GJ | 95% | 77% | 50 years | ||||
| Solid wall insulation | £(2010)4237.90280799917-1695.4201637136/House | |||||||||
| Cavity wall insulation | £(2010)420.940835146617-388.560770904569/House | |||||||||
| Floor insulation | £(2010)1295.2025696819-64.7601284840949/House | |||||||||
| Superglazing | £(2010)5180.81027872759-0/House | |||||||||
| Loft Insulation | £(2010)353.590301523158-178.737954616102/House | |||||||||
| Biomatter to fuel conversion Dry biomass & waste to liquid | 2010-40 | £(2010)20-32M/PJ | £(2010)3-4M/PJ | 0.75Twh/yr | 30years | |||||
| Biomatter to fuel conversion Dry biomass & waste to gas | 2010-40 | £(2010)11-32M/PJ | £(2010)1-3M/PJ | 30years | ||||||
| Biomatter to fuel conversion Dry biomass & waste to solid | 2010-40 | £(2010)0M/PJ | £(2010)2M/PJ | 30years | ||||||
| Oil fired Boiler Dom and non-dom | 2000-2050 | £(2000)7.93/GJ | £(2000)0.55/GJ | 75% | 15 years | |||||
| Micro CHP Residential Micro CHP (Gas) | 2000 | £(2000)1980-2475/KW | £(2000)135/KW | 70% | 23% | 20 years | ||||
| Micro CHP Micro CHP (Hydrogen/Gas) | 2000-2050 | £(2000)1148-2872/KW | £(2000)135/KW | 90% | 20 years | |||||
| Micro CHP Residential Micro CHP (Gas) | 2050 | £(2000)1345-871/KW | £(2000)135/KW | 70% | 23% | 20 years | ||||
| Micro CHP Commercial Micro CHP (Gas) | 2050 | £(2000)1666-1182/KW | £(2000)121.5/KW | 70% | 23% | 20 years | ||||
| Micro CHP Commercial Micro CHP (Gas) | 2000 | £(2000)1782-2227.5/KW | £(2000)135/KW | 70% | 23% | 20 years | ||||
| Geothermal Heat Geothermal Plant for District Heating | 2000-2050 | £(2000)2116/KW | £(2000)43/KW | 64% | 40 years | |||||
| Gas (Natural or Biogas) CHP Natural Gas Engine Heat Plant | £(2000)600 - 670/KW | £(2000)0.43 - 2.58/KW plus £(2000)0 - 0.96/GJ | 69% | 20 years | ||||||
| Gas (Natural or Biogas) CHP CHP - District Heating from Biogas/Landfill gas | 2000-2050 | £(2000)1000/KW | £(2000)0.43/KW plus £(2000)1.54/GJ | 46% | 35% | 20 years | ||||
| Solid Fuel CHP Biomass CHP - District Heating | 2000-2050 | £(2000)2500 - 3000/KW | £(2000)50/KW | 55% | 16% | 20 years | ||||
| Air Conditioning Non-Domestic Air conditioner | 2000-2010 | £(2000)120/GJ | £(2000)0.73/GJ | 300% | 20 years | |||||
| Biomass forestry arisings collection Forestry residues step 1 | 2000-2050 | £(2000)2.64/GJ | 11.51PJ | |||||||
| Biomass forestry arisings collection Forestry residues step 2 | 2000-2050 | £(2000)3.96/GJ | 11.53PJ | |||||||
| Biomass forestry arisings collection Forestry residues step 3 | 2000-2050 | £(2000)5.28/GJ | 15.35PJ | |||||||
| Biomass conversion 1st generation energy crops to liquid Fermentation to ethanol | 2010 | £M(2000)24.542/PJ | £M(2000)3.008/PJ | 90% | 30 years | |||||
| Biomass conversion 1st generation energy crops to liquid Hydrogenation and production of 1st generation biodiesel | 2010 | £M(2000)17.2/PJ | £M(2000)3.898/PJ plus £M(2000)0.025/PJ | 90% | 60% | 30 years | ||||
| Biomass conversion dry biomass, biocrops and waste to solid | £(2000)2/GJ | 30 years | ||||||||
| Biomass conversion dry biomass and waste to liquid Gasification and Fischer‐Tropsch production of bio‐kerosene and FT biodiesel | 2015 | £m(2000)20.33/PJ | £m(2000)3.898/PJ | 75% | 30 years | |||||
| Biomass conversion dry biomass and waste to gas Biomass Gassification | £m(2000)22.8/PJ | 55% | 30 years | |||||||
| Biomass conversion wet biomass and waste to liquid Gasification and Fischer-Tropsch production of bio-kerosene and FT biodiesel | 2015 | £m(2000)20.33/PJ | £m(2000)3.898/PJ | 75% | 30 years | |||||
| Biomass conversion 2nd generation energy crops to liquid Gasification and Fischer-Tropsch production of bio-kerosene and FT biodiesel | 2015 | £m(2000)20.33/PJ | £m(2000)3.898/PJ | 75% | 30 years | |||||
| Electricity Transmission | 2000 | £(2000)150k/MW | £(2000)9.4k/MW | |||||||
| Electricity Distribution | £(2000) 82000/MW | £(2000) 2500/MW | ||||||||
| Air Source Heat Pump Heat Pumps | 2010-2050 | £(2000)180/GJ | £(2000)0.73/GJ | 450% | 15 years | |||||