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Markal 3.24 cost source

Kannan, R., Strachan, N., Pye, S., Anandarajah, G., Balta-Ozkan, N., 2007. UK MARKAL Model Documentation. Available from: www.ukerc.ac.uk[1]

Created from a literature review and allied expert workshops. Last update in January 2010, although some of the figures are probably much older than this.

 
  1. http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/support/tiki-index.php?page=ES_MARKAL_Documentation_2010
  Technologies Fuels
Valid in year Capital cost Operating cost excluding fuel Size Output Efficiency Life Fuel cost Fuel limit
Nuclear Power AGR/PWR/Magnox 2000 £(2000)1913-2778/kWpeak £(2000)35/kWpeak 1 GW 82% 32% 35-45 years
Nuclear Power E-PWR/AP1000 2020 £(2000)1050/kWpeak £(2000)50/kWpeak 1600 MW 83% 35% 50
Nuclear Power Pebble Bed 2030 £(2000)1786.5/kWpeak £(2000)0.39/GJ 1 GWpeak 83% 35% 50
Nuclear Power GT-MHR 2030 £(2000)1786.5/kWpeak £(2000)17.55/kWpeak 1 GW 83% 48% 50
Nuclear Power EPWR 2010-2020 £(2000)1050-1482/kWpeak £(2000)0.066/PJpeak 85% 31.5% 40 years
Nuclear Power AP1000 2007 £(2000)1625-1050/kWpeak 85% 35% 50 years
Conventional Coal Electricity Generation Coal plant (Large, with FGD) 2000 £(2000) 765/kWpeak £(2000) 14/kWpeak plus £(2000) 0.19/GJ 54% 32% 20
Conventional Coal Electricity Generation Coal plant (Small, without FGD) 2000 £(2000) 765/kWpeak £(2000) 21/kWpeak plus £(2000) 0.2/GJaverage 83% 34% 30 years
Conventional Coal Electricity Generation IGCC 2010-2030 £(2000) 835 - 891/kWpeak £(2000) 19/kWpeak plus £(2000) 0.33/GJ 90% 42-45% 35
Conventional Coal Electricity Generation PF 2010-2030 £(2000) 791 - 870/kWpeak £(2000) 17/kWpeak plus £(2000) 0.31/GJ 90% 43-52% 50
Conventional Coal Electricity Generation Co-Firing 2010-2030 £(2000) 847 - 870/kWpeak £(2000) 19/kWpeak plus £(2000) 0.31/GJ 83% 43 - 46% 50
Conventional Gas Electricity Generation CT/Gas engine 2000 333 - 389 £(2000)/kWpeak 0.43 £(2000)/kWpeak plus 1.54 £(2000)/GJ 57% 23 - 29% 20
Conventional Gas Electricity Generation CCGT 2000 400 £(2000)/kWpeak 7 £(2000)/kWpeak plus 0.56 £(2000)/GJ 83% 49% 30
Conventional Gas Electricity Generation New CCGT 2010 - 2030 357 - 400 £(2000)/kWpeak 6.25 - 7 £(2000)/kWpeak plus 0.56 £(2000)/GJ 83% 55 - 61% 35
Gas CCS Electricity Generation 2010 - 2040 463 - 690 £(2000)/kWpeak 12.08 £(2000)/kWpeak plus 0.47 £(2000)/GJ 83% 47 - 60% 35
Coal CCS New IGCC with CCS 2010-2030 £(2000)944 - 1210/KW £(2000)26/KW plus £(2000)0.72/GJpeak 90% 37-40% 35 years
Coal CCS New co-firing coal plant with CCS (similar to new PF) 2015-2020 £(2000)1235 - 1363/KW £(2000)29/KW plus £(2000)0.75/GJpeak 83% 34-41% 50 years
Imported Uranium Imported uranium step 1 2010-2050 £(2000)0.0238/GJ 56,000PJ
Imported Uranium Imported uranium step 2 2010-2050 £(2000)0.0476/GJ 70,000PJ
Imported Uranium Imported uranium step 3 2010-2050 £(2000)0.0873/GJ 147,000PJ
Imported Uranium Imported uranium step 4 2010-2050 £(2000)0.111/GJ 476,000PJ
Imported Uranium Imported uranium step 5 2010-2050 £(2000)0.222/GJ
Uranium Enrichment & Disposal 4.5%-19% uranium enrichment and fuel fabrication only 2000-2050 £(2000)0.486m/TWh
Uranium Enrichment & Disposal 9% uranium enrichment and fuel fabrication 2000-2050 £(2000)1.37m/TWh
Uranium Enrichment & Disposal 4.5-19% uranium enrichment, fuel fabrication and disposal 2000-2050 £(2000)1.37m/TWh
Uranium Enrichment & Disposal Production of hydrogen isotopes for fusion reactor 2000-2050 £(2000)24.04m/TWh
Oil Electricity Generation plants Oil-fired steam turbine Existing 2000 £(2000)500/KW £(2000)16/KWpeak plus £(2000)0.07/GJ 41% 34% 30 years
Oil Electricity Generation plants Oil IGCC 2000 2000 £(2000)560-920/KW £(2000)40/KWpeak 83% 41-53% 25 years
Solid Biomass Electricity Generation Energy crop gasification 2000 £(2000)1,575/KW £(2000)66/KWpeak plus £(2000)0.13/GJ 83% 44% 35 years
Solid Biomass Electricity Generation Energy crop gasification - 2010 onward 2010 - 2040 £(2000)1674 - 2094/KW £(2000)50 - 62/KWpeak plus £(2000)0.13/GJ 83% 47 - 50% 20 years
Onshore Wind Onshore - Wind speed of 5-9m/s 2005 £(2000) 675/kw £(2000)27/kw 28% 13-61% 25 years
Offshore Wind Wind offshore 2005 £(2000)1196-1751/KW £(2000)35/kwpeak 22-50% 25 years
Hydroelectricity >20MW 2000 £(2000)800/KW £(2000)80/kwpeak 37% 40 years
Hydroelectricity <1.25MW 2000 £(2000)1450/KW £(2000)145/kwpeak 37% 40 years
Microwind Microgeneration 2005 £(2000)1350/KW £(2000)27/kwpeak 10-20% 25 years
Wave Wave energy T1 2000 £(2000)2634.5/KW £(2000)207/KWpeak 23-49% 30 years
Wave Wave energy T1 2050 £(2000)1069.74/KW £(2000)167/KWpeak 23-49% 30 years
Wave Wave energy T2 2050 £(2000)1647.96/KW £(2000)240.5/KWpeak 23-49% 30 years
Wave Wave energy T2 2000 £(2000)4058.5/KW £(2000)280.5/KWpeak 23-49% 30 years
Tidal Stream 2000 £(2000)1948/KW £(2000)43/KW 33%
Tidal Stream 2050 £(2000)790.55/KW £(2000)23/KW 33%
Tidal Range Severn Tidal Barrage 2000-2050 £(2000)1500/KW £(2000)43-23/KW 23%
Solar PV Solar Power Generation 2000-2050 £(2000)5750-6325/kw £(2010)0/KW 25-5% 30 years
Biomass 2nd generation biocrops Energy Crops Step 1 2000-2050 £(2000)3.61/GJ 41.31 GJ
Biomass 2nd generation biocrops Energy Crops Step 2 2000-2050 £(2000)5.97/GJ 71.91 GJ
Biomass 2nd generation biocrops Energy Crops Step 3 2000-2050 £(2000)4.31/GJ 226.06 GJ
Biomass solid fuel imports 2010-2050 £(2000)9.18/GJ 1314PJ
Biomass liquid fuel imports Imported 1st Gen bio-diesel 2010-2050 £(2000)11.95/GJ 28.4-142PJ
Biomass liquid fuel imports Imported 2nd Gen (FT) bio-diesel from licnocellulosic 2020-2050 £(2000)15.83/GJ 56.8-142PJ
Biomass liquid fuel imports Imported (FT) biokerosene 2020-2050 £(2000)18.69/GJ 56.8-142PJ
Biomass liquid fuel imports Imported ethanol – corn 2010-2050 £(2000)20.93/GJ 3.4-34PJ
Biomass liquid fuel imports Imported ethanol – sugar cane 2000-2050 £(2000)8.282/GJ 0-66PJ
Biomass liquid fuel imports Imported methanol 2000-2050 £(2000)11.39/GJ 14.2-127.8PJ
Biomass straw collection Straw step 1 2000-2050 £(2000)1.102/GJ 14.565PJ
Biomass straw collection Straw step 2 2000-2050 £(2000)2.136/GJ 15.51PJ
Biomass straw collection Straw step 3 2000-2050 £(2000)4.34/GJ 33.27PJ
Biomass 1st generation biocrops Wheat step 1 2000-2050 £(2000)6.94/GJ 189PJ
Biomass 1st generation biocrops Rape seed oil 2000-2050 £(2000)4.33/GJ 18.9PJ
Biomass 1st generation biocrops Wheat step 2 2000-2050 £(2000)8.81/GJ 174PJ
Biomass 1st generation biocrops Wheat step 3 2000-2050 £(2000)13.8/GJ 75PJ
Biomass manure collection Poultry litter step 1 2000-2050 £(2000)0.122/GJ 0.8PJ
Biomass manure collection Animal Slurry step 2 2000-2050 £(2000)1.081/GJ 19.4PJ
Biomass manure collection Animal Slurry step 3 2000-2050 £(2000)3.377/GJ 21.64PJ
Biomass manure collection Poultry litter step 2 2000-2050 £(2000)0.245/GJ 7.155PJ
Biomass manure collection Poultry litter step 3 2000-2050 £(2000)0.429/GJ 7.95PJ
Biomass manure collection Animal Slurry step 1 2000-2050 £(2000)0.675/GJ 14.93PJ
Pumped storage - Hydro Hydro - Pumped Storage 2000-2050 £(2000)1,614.8/KW £(2000)1.3/kw plus £(2000)0.67/GJ 95% 50 years
Interconnection dummy technology for electricity import 2000-2050 £m(2000)150/GW £m(2000)0.3/GW 50%
Carbon Storage Near shore Gas 2000-2050 £m(2000)26/MTCO2 £m(2000)0.6/MTCO2 plus £m(2000)0.22/MtcO2
Carbon Storage Offshore Oil and Gas 2000-2050 £m(2000)34/MTCO2 £m(2000)0.6/MTCO2 plus £m(2000)0.22/MtcO2
Carbon Storage Offshore Aquifier 2000-2050 £m(2000)44/MTCO2 £m(2000)1.1/MTCO2 plus £m(2000)0.22/MtcO2
Cooking Electric hob and oven 2000-2050 £(2000)922/500KWh £(2000)0/kw 14 years
Cooking Gas hob and oven 2000-2050 £(2000)984/700KWh £(2000)0/kw 14 years
Commercial Heat Demand Most EE Double Glazing 2000-2050 £(2000)119.8/GJ £(2000)0/KW 26.37PJ
Commercial Heat Demand Most EE Cavity Wall insulation 2000-2050 £(2000)53.5/GJ £(2000)0/KW 7.72PJ
Commercial Heat Demand Most EE External Wall insulation 2000-2050 £(2000)178.8/GJ £(2000)0/KW 11.01PJ
Commercial Heat Demand Most EE Pitched Roof Insulation 2000-2050 £(2000)18.4/GJ £(2000)0/KW 18.4PJ
Commercial Heat Demand TRVs Fully installed 2000-2050 £(2000)1.4/GJ £(2000)0/KW 25.56PJ
Commercial Heat Demand Programmable Thermostats 2000-2050 £(2000)642.5/GJ £(2000)0/KW 72.4PJ
Commercial Heat Demand Optimising Heating Start timers 2000-2050 £(2000)642.5/GJ £(2000)0/KW 24.77PJ
Commercial lighting and appliances Mistake
Commercial lighting and appliances Stairwell timers for lighting 2000-2050 £(2000)0.075/GJ £(2000)0/KW 5.02PJ
Commercial lighting and appliances Most EE Fridges 2000-2050 £(2000)9.1/GJ £(2000)0/KW 2.48PJ
Commercial lighting and appliances Most EE Fridge-Freezers 2000-2050 £(2000)22.9/GJ £(2000)0/KW 0.17PJ
Commercial lighting and appliances Most EE Freezers 2000-2050 £(2000)6.1/GJ £(2000)0/KW 2.55PJ
Commercial lighting and appliances Sunrise-Sunset timers 2000-2050 £(2000)270.5/GJ £(2000)0/KW 2.57PJ
Commercial lighting and appliances Metal Halide Floodlights 2000-2050 £(2000)54.9/GJ £(2000)0/KW 1.39PJ
Commercial lighting and appliances IRC Tungsten-Halogen Spots 2000-2050 £(2000)8.9/GJ £(2000)0/KW 3.45PJ
Commercial lighting and appliances HF Ballast 2000-2050 £(2000)97.4/GJ £(2000)0/KW 21.26PJ
Commercial lighting and appliances ECG CFLs Replace Tungsten Lamps 2000-2050 £(2000)48/GJ £(2000)0/KW 13.42PJ
Commercial lighting and appliances Base Lighting Timers 2000-2050 £(2000)101.3/GJ £(2000)0/KW 24.26PJ
Commercial lighting and appliances 16mm Fluorescent tubes replace 26mm 2000-2050 £(2000) 48.36/GJ £(2000)0/KW 5.87PJ
Commercial lighting and appliances Light Detectors 2000-2050 £(2000) 1269/GJ £(2000)0/KW 5.02PJ
Commercial lighting and appliances Presence Detectors for Lighting 2000-2050 £(2000) 0.07/GJ £(2000)0/KW 8.12PJ
Hydro pumped storage Hydro - Pumped Storage 2000-2050 £(2000) 1,614.8/KW £(2000)1.3/KWpeak plus £(2000)0.67/GJ 95% 77% 50 years
Solid wall insulation £(2010)4237.90280799917-1695.4201637136/House
Cavity wall insulation £(2010)420.940835146617-388.560770904569/House
Floor insulation £(2010)1295.2025696819-64.7601284840949/House
Superglazing £(2010)5180.81027872759-0/House
Loft Insulation £(2010)353.590301523158-178.737954616102/House
Biomatter to fuel conversion Dry biomass & waste to liquid 2010-40 £(2010)20-32M/PJ £(2010)3-4M/PJ 0.75Twh/yr 30years
Biomatter to fuel conversion Dry biomass & waste to gas 2010-40 £(2010)11-32M/PJ £(2010)1-3M/PJ 30years
Biomatter to fuel conversion Dry biomass & waste to solid 2010-40 £(2010)0M/PJ £(2010)2M/PJ 30years
Oil fired Boiler Dom and non-dom 2000-2050 £(2000)7.93/GJ £(2000)0.55/GJ 75% 15 years
Micro CHP Residential Micro CHP (Gas) 2000 £(2000)1980-2475/KW £(2000)135/KW 70% 23% 20 years
Micro CHP Micro CHP (Hydrogen/Gas) 2000-2050 £(2000)1148-2872/KW £(2000)135/KW 90% 20 years
Micro CHP Residential Micro CHP (Gas) 2050 £(2000)1345-871/KW £(2000)135/KW 70% 23% 20 years
Micro CHP Commercial Micro CHP (Gas) 2050 £(2000)1666-1182/KW £(2000)121.5/KW 70% 23% 20 years
Micro CHP Commercial Micro CHP (Gas) 2000 £(2000)1782-2227.5/KW £(2000)135/KW 70% 23% 20 years
Geothermal Heat Geothermal Plant for District Heating 2000-2050 £(2000)2116/KW £(2000)43/KW 64% 40 years
Gas (Natural or Biogas) CHP Natural Gas Engine Heat Plant £(2000)600 - 670/KW £(2000)0.43 - 2.58/KW plus £(2000)0 - 0.96/GJ 69% 20 years
Gas (Natural or Biogas) CHP CHP - District Heating from Biogas/Landfill gas 2000-2050 £(2000)1000/KW £(2000)0.43/KW plus £(2000)1.54/GJ 46% 35% 20 years
Solid Fuel CHP Biomass CHP - District Heating 2000-2050 £(2000)2500 - 3000/KW £(2000)50/KW 55% 16% 20 years
Air Conditioning Non-Domestic Air conditioner 2000-2010 £(2000)120/GJ £(2000)0.73/GJ 300% 20 years
Biomass forestry arisings collection Forestry residues step 1 2000-2050 £(2000)2.64/GJ 11.51PJ
Biomass forestry arisings collection Forestry residues step 2 2000-2050 £(2000)3.96/GJ 11.53PJ
Biomass forestry arisings collection Forestry residues step 3 2000-2050 £(2000)5.28/GJ 15.35PJ
Biomass conversion 1st generation energy crops to liquid Fermentation to ethanol 2010 £M(2000)24.542/PJ £M(2000)3.008/PJ 90% 30 years
Biomass conversion 1st generation energy crops to liquid Hydrogenation and production of 1st generation biodiesel 2010 £M(2000)17.2/PJ £M(2000)3.898/PJ plus £M(2000)0.025/PJ 90% 60% 30 years
Biomass conversion dry biomass, biocrops and waste to solid £(2000)2/GJ 30 years
Biomass conversion dry biomass and waste to liquid Gasification and Fischer‐Tropsch production of bio‐kerosene and FT biodiesel 2015 £m(2000)20.33/PJ £m(2000)3.898/PJ 75% 30 years
Biomass conversion dry biomass and waste to gas Biomass Gassification £m(2000)22.8/PJ 55% 30 years
Biomass conversion wet biomass and waste to liquid Gasification and Fischer-Tropsch production of bio-kerosene and FT biodiesel 2015 £m(2000)20.33/PJ £m(2000)3.898/PJ 75% 30 years
Biomass conversion 2nd generation energy crops to liquid Gasification and Fischer-Tropsch production of bio-kerosene and FT biodiesel 2015 £m(2000)20.33/PJ £m(2000)3.898/PJ 75% 30 years
Electricity Transmission 2000 £(2000)150k/MW £(2000)9.4k/MW
Electricity Distribution £(2000) 82000/MW £(2000) 2500/MW
Air Source Heat Pump Heat Pumps 2010-2050 £(2000)180/GJ £(2000)0.73/GJ 450% 15 years

Other sets of cost data

Air Conditioning Air Source Heat Pump Air Source Heat Pump with Storage (commercial) Air Source Heat Pump with Storage (domestic) Battery Storage Biogas Biomass 1st generation biocrops Biomass 2nd generation biocrops Biomass Boiler (commercial) Biomass conversion 1st generation energy crops to liquid Biomass conversion 2nd generation energy crops to gas Biomass conversion 2nd generation energy crops to liquid Biomass conversion dry biomass and waste to gas Biomass conversion dry biomass and waste to liquid Biomass conversion dry biomass, biocrops and waste to solid Biomass conversion gas to gas Biomass conversion wet biomass and waste to gas Biomass conversion wet biomass and waste to liquid Biomass forestry arisings collection Biomass liquid fuel imports Biomass manure collection Biomass solid fuel imports Biomass straw collection Biomatter to fuel conversion Bus EV Bus Hybrid EV Bus Hydrogen FCV Bus ICE Carbon Storage Cars EV Cars Fuel Cell Vehicle Cars ICE Cars PHEV Cavity wall insulation CHP Coal CCS Coal-fired Boiler Coal Price Commercial cooking demand reduction Commercial Heat Demand Commercial lighting and appliances Compressed Air storage Conventional Coal Electricity Generation Conventional Gas Electricity Generation Cooking District Heating (domestic) District Heating Network Draughtproofing Electric heating Electricity Distribution Electricity Grid Distribution Costs Electricity Grid Transmission Costs Electricity Transmission Energy Saving Trust’s Advanced Practice Energy Efficiency standard for New Build Enteric fermentation abatement Exported Electricity Floor insulation Fossil Fuel Transfer Costs Gas Boiler Gas CCS Electricity Generation Gas (Natural or Biogas) CHP Gas Price Geosequestration Geothermal Electricity Geothermal Heat Ground Source Heat Pump (commercial) Ground Source Heat Pump Ground Source Heat Pump with Storage (commercial) Ground Source Heat Pump with Storage (domestic) Heat exchanger for District heating Hydroelectricity Hydro pumped storage Imported Electricity Imported Uranium Interconnection International Aviation International Shipping Loft Insulation Macro Algae Manure management Micro CHP Microwind Nuclear Power Offshore Wind Oil Electricity Generation plants Oil-fired boiler Oil fired Boiler Oil Price Onshore Wind Passenger Rail Passiv Haus Pumped storage - Hydro Rail Freight Range - Cars ICE Road Freight Soil management Soil management level 1 Solar PV Solar Thermal (commercial) Solar Thermal Solid Biomass Electricity Generation 2050 Solid Biomass Electricity Generation Solid Fuel Boiler (inc Biomass) Solid Fuel CHP Solid wall insulation Conventional Oil Electricity Generation Temporary Superglazing Test category Tidal Range Tidal Stream UK National Aviation UK National Shipping Uranium Enrichment & Disposal Waste collection and separation Waste landfill gas capture Waste landfill sites Waste sewage gas capture Wave

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